1. 532140.37118
    Chinese Daoism is a Chinese philosophy of natural practice structured around a normative focus on dào (道 path, way). This naturalist philosophical project treated dào as a structure of natural possibility for living beings. Unlike similar Western naturalisms, e.g., pragmatism, Daoism’s foil was contemporary: the Confucian-Mohist (Ru-Mo) dialectic about human (人 rén human, social) dào. Daoism’s critique of Ru-Mo debate concerns the role of natural (天 tiān sky-nature) dào vs human dào (socially constructed guidance). Daoism’s founding personages[ 1 ] ( Laozi and Zhuangzi) did not coin their “-ism.” The two Classical texts, credited to their titled masters (子 son), emerged during the Classical period (5th to 3rd C. BC).
    Found 6 days, 3 hours ago on Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  2. 561645.371331
    In this paper, we investigate the treatment of the direction of time in Bohmian mechanics. We show how Bohmian mechanics can account for the direction of time in different ways. In particular, we argue that Bohmian mechanics can be employed to accommodate reductionism, because there always is an asymmetry in the initial conditions when forward and backward evolutions of the configuration of matter are compared. It can also be employed to accommodate primitivism and relationalism due to the fact that Bohmian mechanics is a first order theory that recognizes only position as a primitive physical magnitude. We show how this fact can be employed to support a primitive direction of time by assuming Leibnizian relationalism, which reduces the direction of time to change in the configuration of matter with that change being directed as a primitive matter of fact.
    Found 6 days, 12 hours ago on PhilSci Archive
  3. 561672.371341
    The capacity for purposeful choice among genuine alternatives—commonly termed free will— presents a profound challenge to a scientific worldview often perceived as deterministic. Understanding how seemingly goal-directed actions, observed across the spectrum of life from bacteria navigating chemical gradients (chemotaxis) to humans deliberating complex decisions, can arise from underlying physical and chemical processes is a central question in both philosophy and science. This paper explores the possibility of naturalizing free will by conceptualizing it as emergent autonomy: a capacity rooted in the unique organization of life itself, an organization that unfolds dynamically in real, lived time (Mascolo & Kallio, 2019; Moore, 2023). Foundational work by thinkers like Kauffman & Clayton (2006) on emergence and organization provides crucial groundwork for such an approach.
    Found 6 days, 12 hours ago on PhilSci Archive
  4. 565857.371348
    Causal Finitism—the thesis that nothing can have an infinite causal history—implies that there is a first cause, and our best hypothesis for what a first cause would be is God. Thus: - If Causal Finitism is true, God exists. …
    Found 6 days, 13 hours ago on Alexander Pruss's Blog
  5. 590198.371354
    Very short summary: This essay reflects on how the state and its bureaucratic machinery can shape social reality. The state is unique among human institutions for its performative power. This power is however not unlimited and its use can have adverse consequences. …
    Found 6 days, 19 hours ago on The Archimedean Point
  6. 597065.371359
    A nameless delivery boy in a nameless city, a refugee from a nameless country, fleeing a nameless Strongman, indentured to a nameless Supervisor, dispatched to nameless customers with unmarked packages, not knowing, yet, the rules of the system, and the language, in which he is trapped—a story told, though we do not know it yet, by a nameless narrator in a nameless city, a refugee from a nameless country, fleeing a nameless Strongman. …
    Found 6 days, 21 hours ago on Under the Net
  7. 619397.371365
    The nineteenth-century distinction between the nomothetic and the idiographic approach to scientific inquiry can provide valuable insight into the epistemic challenges faced in contemporary earth modelling. However, as it stands, the nomothetic-idiographic dichotomy does not fully encompass the range of modelling commitments and trade-offs that geoscientists need to navigate in their practice. Adopting a historical epistemology perspective, I propose to further spell out this dichotomy as a set of modelling decisions concerning historicity, model complexity, scale, and closure. Then, I suggest that, to address the challenges posed by these decisions, a pluralist stance towards the cognitive aims of earth modelling should be endorsed, especially beyond predictive aims.
    Found 1 week ago on PhilSci Archive
  8. 619417.371374
    This is an introduction to a collection of articles on the conceptual history of epigenesis, from Aristotle to Harvey, Cavendish, Kant and Erasmus Darwin, moving into nineteenth-century biology with Wolff, Blumenbach and His, and onto the twentieth century and current issues, with Waddington and epigenetics. The purpose of the topical collection is to emphasize how epigenesis marks the point of intersection of a theory of biological development and a (philosophical) theory of active matter. We also wish to show that the concept of epigenesis existed prior to biological theorization and that it continues to permeate thinking about development in recent biological debates.
    Found 1 week ago on PhilSci Archive
  9. 738797.371379
    In his famous “Mathematics is Megethology”, Lewis gives a brilliant reduction of set theory to mereology and plural quantification. A central ingredient of the reduction is a singleton function which assigns to each individual a singleton of which the individual is the only member. …
    Found 1 week, 1 day ago on Alexander Pruss's Blog
  10. 783560.371385
    Maribel Barroso suggests exploration of an interesting avenue for inductive inference. The material theory, as I have formulated it, takes as its elements propositions that assert scientific facts. Relations of inductive support among them assess their truth or falsity. She proposes that we should take models as the elements instead of proposition. In favor of this proposal is that models have a pervasive presence in science. We should be able to confront them with evidence in a systematic way. Reconfiguring inductive inference as relations over models faces some interesting questions. Just what is it for models to be supported inductively? Can the material theory be adapted to this new case? In works cited in her review, Barroso has already begun the study of inductive relations among models in science, using insights from Whewell’s work. She is, it seems to me, well placed to seek answers to these questions. I wish her well in her continuing efforts.
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on John Norton's site
  11. 785782.371391
    ‘Structural hylemorphism’ holds that the concept of structure should replace the allegedly less explanatory concept of form. Adherents do not, however, give us a precise idea of what structure is meant to be, and on analysis it is difficult to know how to define it as a replacement for form. I compare and contrast classical and structural hylemorphism. I rehearse the ‘content-fixing problem’ for structuralism about form, then set out the ‘qualitative problem’. These seem insurmountable obstacles to a viable version of structural hylemorphism. Exploration of the relation between quantity and quality shows that classical form can never be reduced to/replaced by a quantitative concept of form. In the end, structure does not capture what metaphysics requires. More radically, I suggest that there is no clear concept of what structure is. Classical hylemorphism, by contrast, gives us form in full metaphysical technicolor—adequate both for science and for fundamental metaphysics.
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on David S. Oderberg's site
  12. 792369.371397
    The nodes of the ‘geometric trinity’ are: (i) general relativity (in which gravitational effects are a manifestation of spacetime curvature), (ii) the ‘teleparallel equivalent’ of general relativity (which trades spacetime curvature for torsion), and (iii) the ‘symmetric teleparallel equivalent’ of general relativity (which trades spacetime curvature for non-metricity). One popular reformulation of (iii) is ‘coincident general relativity’, but this theory has yet to receive any philosophical attention. This article aims both to introduce philosophers to coincident general relativity, and to undertake a detailed assessment of its features.
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  13. 792387.371403
    How to articulate the common ontological commitments of symmetry-related models of physical theories? This is a central (perhaps the central) question in the philosophical literature on symmetry transformations in physics; recently, Dewar (2019) has proposed a strategy for answering this question which goes by the name of ‘external sophistication’. And yet: this strategy has been accused of being hopelessly obscure by, among others, Martens and Read (2020). In this article, I demonstrate that not all cases of external sophistication are subject to this charge—for reasons which will become clear, the cases for which this is not so give us what I’ll call ‘good VIBES’. Having established this, I then go on to consider good VIBES in the context of the analysis of hidden symmetries, in dialogue with recent work on that topic by Bieli nska and Jacobs (2024).
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  14. 792404.371408
    How to make sense of the notion of force-free motion which seems to be presupposed by Newton’s first law? One can identify in the literature various different answers to this question, one among which is to be found in the writings of Torretti (1983). In a wonderful recent article, however, Hoek (2023) has proposed a radical revision to our understanding of Newton’s first law, motivated on both exegetical and philosophical grounds. In light of this, one is left wondering whether this reconceptualisation of the content of Newton’s first law obviates the need to provide a notion of force-free motion with which to undergird it. In this note, I’ll argue that this is not the case: one can (and should!) endorse Hoek’s understanding of the first law, while nevertheless seeking to define force-free motions in one of the various ways which have been proposed in the literature.
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  15. 792422.371413
    We consider the distinction between ‘qualified’ and ‘unqualified’ approaches introduced by Read (2020a) in the context of the dynamical/geometrical debate. We show that one fruitful way in which to understand this distinction is in terms of what one takes the kinematically possible models of a given theory to represent; moreover, we show that the qualified/unqualified distinction is applicable not only to the geometrical approach (which is the case considered by Read (2020a)), but also to the dynamical approach. Finally, having made these points, we connect them to other discussions of representation and of explanation in this corner of the literature.
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  16. 844107.371419
    Indicative conditional antecedents appear to be remarkably scopeless: they are scopeless with respect to the truth-functional connectives, scopeless with respect to epistemic modals, and scopeless with respect to each other (i.e., commutative). This pervasive scopelessness is a basic explanandum for any theory of indicatives, and the subject of much recent work. In this paper I revisit the theory of McGee [1989], which already comes surprisingly close to delivering a simple and powerful account of all of this scopelessness. I reformulate the theory as information-sensitive in the contemporary sense, and extend it with epistemic modals. On the resulting theory, epistemic modals become in e!ect quantifiers over choice functions, and their scopeless interaction with indicative antecedents drops out naturally. I give McGee’s logic a new axiomatization, and show that if his Import-Export axiom is replaced with a weaker Commutativity axiom stating that indicative antecedents commute, then Import-Export can be derived. I explain how the issue of commutativity interacts with the question how to extend information-sensitive theories of the indicative to modal antecedents. Along the way I add to the collapse results of both McGee [1985] and Mandelkern [2021], showing that under weak assumptions, Commutativity is in tension with Modus Ponens and (more generally) with the principle Mandelkern calls Ad Falsum. I convict Ad Falsum, and refine the case against Modus Ponens.
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on Seth Yalcin's site
  17. 845323.371425
    I’m on holidays this week, spending some time in Cracow (Poland) and Slovakia. Today’s post is a bit off-topic compared to what I’m used to publish here, but still I hope you will enjoy it! If not the case already, do not hesitate to subscribe to receive for free essays on economics, philosophy, and liberal politics in your mailbox! …
    Found 1 week, 2 days ago on The Archimedean Point
  18. 899707.371431
    Here’s a metaphysical view I haven’t seen: the fundamental obejcts (priority version) or the only objects (existence version) are universes, but there can be more than one of these. Call this metaphysical universism (as distinguished from Quisling’s philosophy). …
    Found 1 week, 3 days ago on Alexander Pruss's Blog
  19. 905986.371437
    Every week, I tell myself I won’t do yet another post about the asteroid striking American academia, and then every week events force my hand otherwise. No one on earth—certainly no one who reads this blog—could call me blasé about the issue of antisemitism at US universities. …
    Found 1 week, 3 days ago on Scott Aaronson's blog
  20. 907696.371442
    In interactions characterized by agential epistemic injustice, the interpreter avoids engaging with the speaker’s perspective and challenges or distorts the speaker’s contribution before taking time to explore it. Where the success of the interaction depends on a genuine knowledge exchange between interpreters and speakers, epistemic injustice compromises the success of the interaction. Building on recent qualitative work on communication in youth mental health, I argue that clinical interactions are less likely to achieve their aims when practitioners fail to engage with the perspective of the person seeking support, and challenge or distort the person’s contribution before taking time to explore it.
    Found 1 week, 3 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  21. 907714.371447
    This paper argues that biostatistical theory (BST) cannot categorically exclude pregnancy from pathology. Common harmful conditions in typical pregnancies are integral to the notion of pregnancy per se. Given this definition, there are two potential ways to classify pregnancy as non-pathological within the BST: (i) most common conditions in pregnancy are not pathological within the appropriate reference class; or (ii) pregnancy’s reproductive value counterbalances its pathological survival harms, rendering it non-pathological. I challenge both views, arguing that non-pregnant women of the same age should be the reference class, making pregnancy a survival pathology that cannot be offset by reproductive value.
    Found 1 week, 3 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  22. 907732.371452
    I argue that different ways that branching fits within Minkowski spacetime are merely different descriptions of an invariant notion of branching and are due to the relativity of simultaneity. The argument fits in the wider framework of Everett branches as real patterns, and is both developed in the abstract setting of the (generalised) histories formalism, and discussed comparing the concrete examples of hypersurface-dependent branching and of branching along the forward lightcone. I formulate the latter in terms of branching spacetime, suggesting this is a way in which spacetime can emerge from the universal wavefunction, and I make tentative connections with causal set theory. The proposed view is compatible with both the Schrodinger and Heisenberg picture.
    Found 1 week, 3 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  23. 911731.371458
    Standardized testing is glorious, but many standardized tests royally suck. The worst prominent test is almost surely the Graduate Record Exam (GRE). About 9% of test-takers get a perfect score of 170 on the Quantitative part of the exam. …
    Found 1 week, 3 days ago on Bet On It
  24. 965566.371463
    While the problem of the philosophical significance of Riemann's theorem on conditionally convergent series has been discussed in detail for some time, specific versions of it have appeared in the literature very recently, over which there have been widespread disagreements. I argue that such discrepancies can be clarified by introducing a rather conventional type of composition rule for the treatment of some infinite systems (as well as supertasks) while analysing and clarifying the role of the concept of continuity by stripping it of the excesses that its application by the Leibnizian tradition has led to. The conclusion reached is that the indeterminacy associated with conditional convergence has a clear philosophical significance, but no fundamental ontological significance. Keywords: Conditional Convergence; Continuity; Expansionist Analysis; Balance Principle; Ross Paradox.
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  25. 965590.371468
    Bell’s theorem states that no model that respects Local Causality and Statistical Independence can account for the correlations predicted by quantum mechanics via entangled states. This paper proposes a new approach, using backward-in-time conditional probabilities, which relaxes conventional assumptions of temporal ordering while preserving Statistical Independence as a “fine-tuning” condition. It is shown how such models can account for EPR/Bell correlations and, analogously, the GHZ predictions while nevertheless forbidding superluminal signalling.
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  26. 965608.371475
    This paper examines the historical split of microbiology into the fields of medicine and ecology from a feminist perspective, using Helen Longino’s contextual empiricism and her onto-epistemic view of interactions. Examining microbial interactions is interesting for two reasons, one is ontological as microbial metabolic interactions constitute the bio-geo-chemical cycles that are the driving force of life on Earth. The second reason is epistemic, involving our conceptual challenges in understanding microbial traits and classification, as their activities and ability to evolve are, for the most part, driven by their interactions. I follow the work and methodology of Sergei Vinogradskii (1856-1953) and Robert Koch (1843-1910), as two main founders each of a different microbiology field. Koch focused on medicine, developing pure mass cultures and the Koch postulates. Vinogradskii focused on soil microbiology and ecosystem ecology, developing the elective culture technique, and is known for the Winogradsky Column. I use contextual empiricism to discuss their methodological differences in classification and cultivation and reflect on their position regarding microbial individuality and interactions. For instance, Vinogradskii’s research focused on metabolic interactions and microbial life cycles, considering individual microbes as part of their environment and never in isolation. This view emphasizes the individual, the interactions, and the environment as equally focal in causal explanations.
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on PhilSci Archive
  27. 997311.371482
    Imagine that Fred has all ten toes at 10 am, and there are infinitely many grim reapers. When a grim reaper wakes up, it looks at Fred, and if he has all his ten toes, it cuts one off and destroys it; otherwise, it does nothing. …
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on Alexander Pruss's Blog
  28. 997312.371487
    The main objection to the Grim Reaper paradox as an argument against infinite causal sequences is the Unsatisfiable Pair (UP) objection that notes that paradox sets up an impossible situation—and that’s why it’s impossible! …
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on Alexander Pruss's Blog
  29. 1000454.371493
    A friend and I were discussing whether there’s anything I could possibly say, on this blog, in 2025, that wouldn’t provoke an outraged reaction from my commenters. So I started jotting down ideas. Let’s see how I did. …
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on Scott Aaronson's blog
  30. 1000455.371498
    Trump’s tariff mayhem has crashed stock markets across the globe. His loyalists are searching for silver linings in these dark clouds, without success. But if you value insight for its own sake, there is indeed a silver lining to be found. …
    Found 1 week, 4 days ago on Bet On It